Religion Essays Anselm and Descartes

Religion Essays Anselm and Descartes Anselm Descartes Religion Anselm and Descartes The debate regarding the existence of God has lasted for centuries. Man’s quest to establish the validity of God’s existence remains ongoing till this day. Saint Anselm and Rene Descartes were two thinkers who left a lasting impression from their philosophical works on the existence of God. Both men strived to prove the existence of God using rational and logical argumentation. Stylistically they differ, yet both share a cohesion of interest in which their common objective is to use philosophical reasoning to derive an â€Å"Ontological Argument† which favors the existence of God. Saint Anselm lived during 1033-1109, the prime of the Middle Ages. He was a devoted Christian who contributed significant works in theology and philosophy. As a faithful Christian, he yearned for a rational interpretation that proved the existence of God. The Augustinian phrase sums this idea; â€Å"faith seeking understanding† (Baird 322). In Anselm’s â€Å"Proslogion† he develops the â€Å"Ontological Argument† attempting to prove God’s existence. Anselm states that God is a being â€Å"in which nothing greater can be conceived.† He significantly quotes, the Psalms 13:1; â€Å"the Fool says in his heart, ‘There is no God.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He addresses this issue because he wants to prove the relevance of his prior statement, â€Å"we believe you to be something greater than which nothing greater can be conceived.† The Fool described in Psalms can comprehend this statement even if he is unsure that what he understands exists. Therefore, a major distinction is drawn by Anselm; â€Å"it is one thing for something to be in the understanding and quite another to understand that the thing in question exists† (Baird 325). Thus, the â€Å"Fool† can be convinced by his understanding that there is â€Å"something than which nothing greater can be conceived.† Anselm goes even further by arguing that â€Å"something in which nothing greater can be conceived† not only exists in the understanding, but can also be thought as existing in reality. Consequently, Anselm maintains, â€Å"without a doubt then there exists both in understanding and in reality a being greater than which nothing can be conceived† (Baird 325). Anselm develops his argument further by claiming that because such a thing exists, that thing cannot be thought of as not existing. Moreover, an interesting point is made by Anselm when he says, â€Å"It is possible indeed to think of anything other than you as nonexistent.† In other words, Anselm is trying to say that all other things can be thought of as not existing, but God has a perfect existence in which it is impossible to claim nonexistent because then it would be paradoxical. The measure of Gods existence supersedes all others because nothing greater can be conceived. Anselm once again discusses the fool who says in his heart that there is no God. Reason being, he wants to illustrate the connection between â€Å"to say in ones heart† and to think. The fool said in his heart that God did not exist, yet the same fool conceived a being greater than any other. Therefore, to say in ones heart is equal to thinking because to say in ones heart, one must first think. This also holds true for the reversal, if he does not think, than he does not say it in his heart. Thinking is initiated in two senses according to Anselm. In the first sense, thinking is signaled by a word that describes the thing. In the second sense, thinking is created when one thinks of the actual thing itself. Thus, from the perspective of the first sense it can be true that God does not exist. From the second sense, the denial of the existence of God is impossible because the thing itself has been thought or conceived. Since Descartes’ â€Å"Fifth Mediation† was written many years after Anselm’s â€Å"Ontological Argument† it becomes apparent, at least in one sense that Descartes refers indirectly to arguments established in Anselm’s â€Å"Ontological Argument.† This relationship or connection can be seen in both arguments as the idea of God’s â€Å"perfect existence.† Descartes however, in my opinion delves into the concept of perfect existence candidly. Whereas Anselm, attributes this perfect existence in his statement â€Å"we believe you to be something greater than which nothing grater can be conceived.† Regardless of the methods used they both attribute perfection to this supreme, eternal Being. Additionally, Descartes argument regarding the existence of God is not presupposed by faith like Anselm’s. Rather, Descartes begins his argument in a different manner then Anselm, speaking nothing about prior faith in God’s existence. He begins the â€Å"Fifth Meditation† by explaining how he has the ability to conceive in his mind a vast array of different shapes and dimensions. Even if these figments which he has created within his mind do not actual exist outside of his mind, they still contain immutable and eternal properties. A triangle is used by Descartes to elaborate upon this issue. He argues that even if the triangle did not exist outside of his mind it still contains indisputable properties. Therefore, once these properties are conceived clearly and distinctly they must be completely true. Like the triangle, the idea of a supremely perfect being exists in both our mind and Descartes. This idea does not differ from that of the triangle in any sense because each contains a nature or property. Descartes clearly and distinctly observes that Gods existence belongs to his nature, like a figure or number whose nature belongs to that figure or number. Descartes agrees that God can be thought of as not existing. This means, one can segregate his existence from his essential properties. Furthermore, this ability to separate existence and essence is also present within all other things examined according to Descartes. However, with closer inspection and with greater attention given to this notion Descartes discovered that, â€Å"we can no more separate the existence of God from his essence than we can separate from the essence of a rectilinear triangle the fact that the size of its three angles equals two right angles† (Baird 430). In other words, with other things we can separate the existence from the properties because the other things are not of a perfect being like God. Both Anselm and Descartes both use the premise of God as not existing, to prove his existence. They formulate their argument in this way because with closer inspection they refute the thought of God not existing because God has a perfect existence, and to claim that a perfect Being does not exist in reality would be â€Å"self contradictory† (Baird 430). Thus, according to Anselm and Descartes, a perfect Being must exist in both the mind and in reality since its existence is eternal, immutable, and perfect. In addition, Descartes maintains that he cannot think of God without existence any more than he can think of a mountain without a valley. Even though a necessary characteristic of a mountain is that it be contiguous to a valley, â€Å"it doesnt follow that any mountains or valleys exist.† Similarly, even though a supremely perfect being possesses certain attributes, it does not coincide with the existence of that being. Consequently Descartes says, â€Å"From the fact alone that I cannot conceive God except as existing, it follows that existence is inseparable from him, and consequently that he does, in truth, exist† (Barid 430) This acknowledgment of Gods existence is made by Descartes namely because God â€Å"possesses all sorts of perfections†, existence being one of them. Descartes then continues addressing an objection in regards to his prior argument. Consequently, he says that it is not necessary for him to suppose the thought of God, yet once he does think of God, then existence is necessary. This follows and is no different from it not being necessary for one to suppose something that is false. Descartes uses the inscription of a rhombus into a circle to illustrate this issue. â€Å"It is not necessary to think that all four sided figures can be inscribed in a circle; but if we suppose that I do have this idea, I am forced to admit that a rhombus can be inscribed in one, since it is a four sided figure, and by this I will be forced to admit what is clearly false† (Baird 431). Therefore, to Descartes one must not say, that even though it is not necessary for one to think of God, when one does think of the idea of a supreme being you are necessarily attributing an array of perfections. Thus, once it has been recognized that existence is perfection, one must conclude that this Supreme Being actually exists. Therefore, a distinction has been made by Descartes; there are many differences between false assumptions and true innate ideas, namely the thought of God. According to Descartes, this idea is not â€Å"imaginary or fictitious† because God is the only thing that can be conceived as having a â€Å"true and immutable nature.† There have been many attempts to refute the arguments of Anselm and Descartes. However, because of the rational and logical sequence that both follow in their arguments it has become increasingly difficult for others to prove these claims erroneous. Regardless, both men have provided invaluable documentation regarding the possibility of God’s existence in our minds and in reality. Even atheists find these arguments hard to refute because both thinkers cleverly used the thought of God as not existing, to prove that God, in his perfection does actually exist in our minds and in reality. Work Cited Baird, Forrest E., Walter Kauffmann. From Plato to Derrida. Forth ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003.

Fort Henry And Donelson :: essays research papers

Fort Donelson, Tennessee, guarding the Cumberland River, became the site of the first major Confederate defeat in the Civil War. Victory at Donelson started Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant on his road to Appomattox and the White House. His cool judgment under pressure saved the day after the Confederates threatened to break his troop lines, yet errors by his opponents handed him a victory that he did not fully earn on his own. Possession of the better part of two states vital to the South depended on the outcome of the battle at Fort Donelson. When war began in April 1861, Kentucky declared its neutrality, in response to deep conflicts of opinion among its citizens. Considering neutrality impossible to maintain, North and South maneuvered for position once Kentucky was opened to military operations. The Confederates constructed fortifications on both the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers just south of the Kentucky line. They built Fort Henry on the Tennessee River, on ground susceptible to flooding, but chose higher ground for Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. Both sides wanted Kentucky but recognized that the first to cross its borders risked losing popular support. Confederate Brigadier General Gideon J. Pillow rashly seized Columbus, Kentucky, on the Mississippi River bluffs, a move that appalled President Jefferson Davis, who first ordered Pillow to withdraw, then allowed him to stay when he realized that the deed could not be reversed. Grant, commanding at Cairo, Illinois, then occupied Paducah at the mouth of the Tennessee and Smithland at the mouth of the Cumberland, strategic points neglected by General Gideon Pillow. In November Grant tested Confederate strength at Columbus by landing troops across the Mississippi River at Belmont, Missouri. The drawn battle that followed sent him back to Cairo still eager to advance, but not necessarily along the Mississippi River. Knowing of the poor location of Fort Henry, he wanted to use Union gunboats to advantage, and foresaw that the fall of Fort Henry would open the Tennessee River as far north as Alabama. Winning reluctant permission from his superior, Major General Henry W. Halleck, Grant moved south in early February. The flooded Fort Henry fell to the gunboats on February 6, 1862 and most of the garrison fled to Fort Donelson, which was eleven miles away. Grant then followed, after sending the gunboats back down the Tennessee and over to the Cumberland. In St. Louis, Halleck, a "military bureaucrat par excellence", took no official insight of Grant’s plans. Fort Henry And Donelson :: essays research papers Fort Donelson, Tennessee, guarding the Cumberland River, became the site of the first major Confederate defeat in the Civil War. Victory at Donelson started Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant on his road to Appomattox and the White House. His cool judgment under pressure saved the day after the Confederates threatened to break his troop lines, yet errors by his opponents handed him a victory that he did not fully earn on his own. Possession of the better part of two states vital to the South depended on the outcome of the battle at Fort Donelson. When war began in April 1861, Kentucky declared its neutrality, in response to deep conflicts of opinion among its citizens. Considering neutrality impossible to maintain, North and South maneuvered for position once Kentucky was opened to military operations. The Confederates constructed fortifications on both the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers just south of the Kentucky line. They built Fort Henry on the Tennessee River, on ground susceptible to flooding, but chose higher ground for Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River. Both sides wanted Kentucky but recognized that the first to cross its borders risked losing popular support. Confederate Brigadier General Gideon J. Pillow rashly seized Columbus, Kentucky, on the Mississippi River bluffs, a move that appalled President Jefferson Davis, who first ordered Pillow to withdraw, then allowed him to stay when he realized that the deed could not be reversed. Grant, commanding at Cairo, Illinois, then occupied Paducah at the mouth of the Tennessee and Smithland at the mouth of the Cumberland, strategic points neglected by General Gideon Pillow. In November Grant tested Confederate strength at Columbus by landing troops across the Mississippi River at Belmont, Missouri. The drawn battle that followed sent him back to Cairo still eager to advance, but not necessarily along the Mississippi River. Knowing of the poor location of Fort Henry, he wanted to use Union gunboats to advantage, and foresaw that the fall of Fort Henry would open the Tennessee River as far north as Alabama. Winning reluctant permission from his superior, Major General Henry W. Halleck, Grant moved south in early February. The flooded Fort Henry fell to the gunboats on February 6, 1862 and most of the garrison fled to Fort Donelson, which was eleven miles away. Grant then followed, after sending the gunboats back down the Tennessee and over to the Cumberland. In St. Louis, Halleck, a "military bureaucrat par excellence", took no official insight of Grant’s plans.

Organizational Communication An Organization - 4433 Words

Organizational communication Abdullah Allaboon Fairleigh Dickinson University Introduction Organizational communication perspectives refer to the different approaches a person can take to evaluate interactions among individuals working in an organization. There are three approaches in evaluating an interaction between employees in an organization, which are (1) Traditional perspective, (2) Interpretive perspective, and (3) Critical perspective (Papa, Daniels Spiker, 2007). Those perspectives describe and illustrate the flow of information or messages within an organization. Organizational communication perspectives consider both the internal and external communication environment. However, the goal for organizational communication perspectives is to deliver the correct information or messages in the proper way. In addition, new management theories aim to improve communication within an organization. Management theories such as scientific, classical, and human relations help to increase productivity and efficiency of individuals in an organization. More than one theory ca n apply to a single organization. However, choosing a management theory depends on the nature of the organization and the size of the workforce. This research paper will discuss the three organizational communication perspectives, various management theories, and how they can apply on the Four Season hotels. The Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts is a Canadian company that has been operatingShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Communication : An Organization1591 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The way in which individuals in an organization communicate with each other is what organizational communication is referred as in the simplest of terms. However, a little more precisely in terms of organizational communication as a field, it is defined as the consideration, study, and the censure of communication. Therefore, it would be safe to say organizational communication is not merely the transfer of a message from one party to another but it is also an element which shapes upRead MoreOrganizational Communication : An Organization1823 Words   |  8 PagesOriginally I believed Organizational Communication to be simply about the sending of and receiving of messages effectively to accomplish a common goal within organizations. I was aware of the variety of methods organizations used to transmit messages; oral, written, and face-to face. I know from personal experience that organizations are always looking for people to join their organization who can communicate effectively; gi ve and follow orders, listening skills, work well within a team environmentRead MoreOrganizational Communication : An Organization4658 Words   |  19 Pages Organizational Communication Prespectives YourFirstName YourLastName University title INTRODUCTION Organizational Communication Perspectives Organizational communication perspectives refer to the different approaches to evaluating the interactions between individuals working in an organization. The criteria apply to horizontal, lateral and vertical communication. Organizational communication perspectives describe and illustrate the flow of information in an organization. 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Gordon San Jose State University School of Library and Information Science Foundations Workers at all levels of an organization, be they CEOs, middle managers, or entry-level staff, recognize that change is inevitable. However, the successful implementation of organizational change in response to changes in an organization’s external environment canRead MoreThe Definition Of Organizational Communication774 Words   |  4 PagesOver the years, the definition of organizational communication has been a highly-debated and complex facet of the scholarship. Researchers have placed a key importance on relationships between people within the organization and how the organization structures itself as a whole. Organizations are communicative, asserting the need of communication to help constitute the organization itself. 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Being a strategy in Organizational Communication outlook, ambiguity remains essential to some consistent observation. Perception, Language as well as knowledge are wholly symbiotic. The reality experience if it is due to language, perception, memory, or something else, is a product of skipping outside the providedRead MoreThe School Of Public And Environmental Affairs1568 Words   |  7 Pagescontinuous occurrence throughout the growth of organizations and their success can be correlated with how adaptable the organization is to these changes. SPEA’s current organizational structure is not working effectively, so in order to remedy this problem, we must change the organizational structure within SPEA. I have created a plan that will solve the communication problems within SPEA while simultaneously enhancing the structure and culture of the organization. The School of Public and Environmental

The Pros and Cons of Welfare - 1095 Words

When you hear the words â€Å"welfare† what comes to mind? To me, the word welfare has always had a very negative connotation. However, after looking further into the concept behind it all, welfare isn’t always such a bad thing. In general, welfare provides financial stability for those who are otherwise unable to do so. Welfare can be very beneficial to a multitude of people with many different ways to make life easier. Welfare in the United States refers to a federal welfare program that has been put into place to benefit unemployed people or just your average lower class person. The most common forms of welfare are Medicaid and food stamps. Believe it or not, a welfare program is not a new idea. Welfare has started long before we were†¦show more content†¦Yes that is a lot of money that could be going to an improved cause. This money could be going to schools and upgrading infrastructure. I do believe that welfare is a good thing, and it was a very good idea . But in first-world countries, people will do anything they can do to get out of working. Some people on welfare are just lazy and do not want to work and expect things to be given to them, and the worst part about is it works. There are two different types of welfare. The first, which is the most common, used is Social Security and Medicaid. I believe that these are very beneficial to people and are very often abused. For example, the Social Security Act was passed in 1935 during the height of the great depression. This act was basically a way of giving older people money because they are no longer able to work. The Social Security Act was a way to help the people hurting in America. It gave a check to old people, poverish, unemployed and widows. The second type of welfare is the one that is most often abused, food stamps. The Federal Food Stamp Act was passed in 1964 and it provides cards to people which can be redeemed at certain stores. However, this money cannot be used to pu rchase things like vitamins and medicine. This form of government aid is the one that is also most commonly abused. As you can see, there are also many problems that can arouse when dealing withShow MoreRelated The Pros and Cons of Welfare Reform Essay2384 Words   |  10 PagesThe Pros and Cons of Welfare Reform There have been numerous debates within the last decade over what needs to be done about welfare and what is the best welfare reform plan. In the mid-1990s the TANF, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, Act was proposed under the Clinton administration. This plan was not received well since it had put a five year lifetime limit on receiving welfare and did not supply the necessary accommodations to help people in poverty follow this guideline. UnderRead MoreEssay about The Pros and Cons of Welfare787 Words   |  4 Pagestaxes are going to a welfare recipient who has more cash than you have even seen in the past two weeks? 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Why Business Management Is Becoming A Successful Business

Abstract Owning a business is often a dream of many people but the reality of entrepreneurship can be an amazing experience. It takes a lot of planning and dedication for a business to be successful. Small business management is becoming very popular in the society in which we live. More and more people are looking to going into business for themselves. This paper will discuss how to start a business and it will also focus on the importance of family helping to run a successful business. Owning a business can be good or it can be bad but it takes a lot to maintain a successful business or even the thought of starting one. Dictionary.com defines entrepreneur as â€Å"a person who organizes and manages any enterprise, especially†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Although owning a business has many benefits and provides many opportunities, anyone planning to enter the world of entrepreneurship should be aware of its potential drawbacks. Individuals who prefer the security of a steady paycheck, a comprehensive benefit package, a two-week paid vacation, and the support of a corporate staff probably should not go into business for themselves† (Scarborough, 2014, p. 12). There are a lot of things that go into owning a small business and planning is one of the major elements when it comes to even thinking of owning a business of any size whether it is small, medium or large. When I begin to think about how important planning was to a business I thought back to my teachings as a child into my adult life about how the Bible talks to us about planning and being prepared. It also reminded me the principals in which God teaches us about preparing his people to be sufficient and taking care of themselves in order to provide not only for themselves and their family but in helping others also. In planning a business it takes prayer and being faithful to seeing your dream to fruition. 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The next section establishes five key objectives for the company encompassing operational, financial, and human resource aspects of its business and justifies why these objectivesRead MoreWhy so Many Start Up Businesses Fail and What You as an Entrepreneur Need to Do to Enhance Your Chances of Surviving the First Year984 Wo rds   |  4 PagesWhy so many start up businesses fail and what you as an entrepreneur need to do to enhance your chances of surviving the first year Business failure refers to a company ceasing operations following its inability to make a profit or to bring in enough revenue to cover its expenses. A profitable business can fail if it does not generate adequate cash flow to meet expenses. According to The Dun Bradstreet and INC. magazine, we can see a result of 33% of all new business fail within first sixRead MoreThe Problem Of Project Management731 Words   |  3 Pagesargument that the failure of project may be caused by the lack of project management while other belief that it is because â€Å"an organization did not focus sufficiently on the people aspects of the project† (Change first, 2009). 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Citizenship and Sustainability in Globalization †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Citizenship and Sustainability in Globalization. Answer: Introduction The following write up is my reflection on business ethics and sustainability. This will involve reflecting on two case studies and analysis from diagnostic ethical tools of analyzing personal decisions. The reflection contains self evaluation and the decisions that I would take when faced with different situation. Business ethics and sustainability subject have equipped me with several skills, knowledge, and change of attitudes when making decision in an organization. The subject has increased self awareness on making decisions that have impact on society, environment, and employees. I have been able to define the concepts of morality, ethics, and values. This has enabled understanding characteristics of moral standard and situation where n individual or an organization can be held accountable to their actions (Carroll, Buchholtz, 2014). I have been also able to understand concepts of professionalism in relation to management. This has increased my knowledge and skills in making de cisions that are ethical. It has also changed my attitude towards ethics, morals, and values when making decisions. From this case study, I made several decision rating different individuals decisions from least objectionable of 1 to most objectionable of 6. First, I rated Ryan at 5. Ryan was at the centre of the actions that were in the case study. He made the decision to give bribe to Abdul in order to get a government deal. Ryan consulted his boss who advised not take the bribe but his close friend Angus give him encouraged him to get go ahead and give a bribe. The decision to give a give a bribe to customer in order to buy from a certain organization is an unethical. Ryan also did not take the advice of h9is boss and went ahead to bribe. Ryan was not honesty in his actions. Therefore, Ryan compromised the values and morals that are generally accepted. Secondly, I ranked Abdul at the most objectionable at 6. Abdul is the one whose decision to bribe started dragged other characters to the phenomenon. Abdul convinced Ryan that he would connect him to a government deal. He inquired a gold watch wo rth $10000 in return that led Ryan to lying so that he can get the deal through Abdul. Abdul actions were against the society norms because corruption is unacceptable in the society because it immoral. Thirdly, I ranked Charles at number 1 as the least objective. Charles was the Ryans boss and was against bribery to get preference from a customer. Charles advised Ryan not to give Abdul $ 10000 gold watch to get connection to a government deal. Therefore, Charles made an ethical decision and showed integrity in his position in the company (Groves, LaRocca, 2011). Fourth, I ranked Angus at number 4. Angus encouraged Ryan to go ahead and buy the watch in order to secure the deal. Angus decision to encourage Ryan to undertake an immoral action was wrong. I ranked Angus at 4 because of the advice that encouraged Ryan to engage in unethical actions. On another account, I ranked Mr. Grey at number 3. Mr. Grey listened to Ryan and trusted his ability to repay the loan even with other pendi ng credits. Mr. Grey was acted unprofessio0nal by allowing Ryan to take another loan without first repaying pending credit and failed to question the Ryan action to need funds urgently (Fisher, Lovell, 2009). Therefore, I ranked Mr. Grey at the middle of the scale because he did might have acted on limited information on what Ryan was up to. Mr. Grey also acted unethical by supporting Ryan and Abdul plans financially. Lastly, I ranked Jane at number 2 in the scale. Jane reported Ryan to the Charles who took action to stop unethical behaviors. Jane did not face Ryan directly but when to report. The reason why I ranked Jane at number 2 to be least objective is because she took action to report to the manager. Reflection from The Ford Pinto Case Study Ford used utlitarianism approach to make it decision one manufacturing and allowing Pinto car model to be sold. The approach was consequentialism and the management was interested in final results rather than the impact that the product will have to customers (Ford, Richardson, 2013). The company focused on maintaining competition in the market. I strongly disagree with the decision that Ford made. The decision was unethical because it lacked fairness. The decision led to death of customers who used the vehicle. The decision was not made in good faith of the final user that led harming customers at the expense of the company getting more sales and becoming more competitive in the market. The top management of Ford, starting with the president, Lee Lacocca should take responsibility of Miss Gillespe death. The decision that the management made led to Miss Gillespe death by allowing selling of a vehicle that they had noticed that it had defects. If the vehicle had met the standards, I could not have exploded after being involved in a road accident that endangered the passengers and the driver in the car. The individual who allowed the progress of commercializing the vehicle were not honest and compromised the integrity of manufacturing vehicles (Woiceshyn, 2011). Therefore, the decisions undertake in the manufacturing and commercialization of Ford Pinto was unethical and caused threat to human life and the management should take responsibility about this accident. Reflection from Moral Competency Inventory (MCI) The Moral Competency Inventory (MCI) helped analyze my morals in terms of beliefs and goals (DesJardins, 2011). I scored highest in taking responsibility of my decisions and accepting mistakes that I make. This is followed by telling truth, taking responsibility for serving others, and taking care about other people. Last in top three of the highest in the moral competencies worksheet were acting consistently with my values, beliefs and principles, keeping promises, standing for what is right, and letting other people go their mistakes. On the other side ranking from the lowest competences was the ability to let one go of own mistakes. The second lowest moral competencies are acting consistently to my principles, beliefs, and values, standing up for what is right, keeping promise, and letting other go mistakes. The third lowest moral competencies were ability embrace responsibility for servicing others, telling truth, and actively caring for others. My total MCI score mean was 83 tha t show that on average I have high moral competency. This means that I act in many ways consistently to my beliefs and goals (Rossouw et al., 2010). The personal values exercise helped me classify my personal values and how they relate in decision making (Crane, Matten, 2016). From the Values Questionnaire Scoring Sheet, I scored highest in theoretical and economics at 94 and 87 respectively. This was followed by political at 83. Aesthetics ranked last at 45 followed by spiritual at 54. Social was at the middle with 59 unit score. The highest score in theoretical values showed my great emphases to know and discover truth. It also shows my love for understanding and relying on factual when discussing or making a certain decision. The economic value that ranked second in the personal values score showed my desire for successful wealth creation for my family and me. It also shows the pride that accord to material possession. For instance, I accord a lot of respect to materially successful people and organizations. Political values were ranked third that explains my desire for power as a leader. This also explains my desire influenc er other people. The aesthetic value ranked the lowest shows my little interest in arts and literature. I hardly acknowledge beauty or harmony in arts or nature. The social and spiritual values were ranked at the middle showing my little emphasis to relationships and concerns for other people and little belief in supernatural world. Conclusion From the reflection on business ethics and sustainability and myself evaluation, I have been able to understand my morals and values that guide my decision. I was able to know that I have a high moral competence and my decisions align with my beliefs and goal. I was also able to understand my personal values that are highly influenced by theoretical, economical, and political values. I have also been able to recognize areas that I need improvement especially in social values and caring for others. The subject has widened my view to issues of ethical and sustainable decisions in organizations and the need to act professionally and be ready to take responsibility for decisions that I make. References Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014). Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Crane, A., Matten, D. (2016). Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press. DesJardins, J. R. (2011). An introduction to business ethics. McGraw-Hill. Fisher, C., Lovell, A. (2009). Business ethics and values: Individual, corporate and international perspectives. Pearson education. Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. In Citation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics (pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Groves, K. S., LaRocca, M. A. (2011). An empirical study of leader ethical values, transformational and transactional leadership, and follower attitudes toward corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Ethics, 103(4), 511-528. Rossouw, D., Van Vuuren, L., Ghani, A. H. A., Adam, M. Z. A. (2010). Business ethics. Oxford University Press Southern Africa. Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2016). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Woiceshyn, J. (2011). A model for ethical decision making in business: Reasoning, intuition, and rational moral principles. Journal of business Ethics, 104(3), 311-323.

Size Reduction and Screening free essay sample

Size reduction and screening The purpose of this experiment was to determine the affect of vibration rate and time on the size reduction and size separation of particles. The objective was successfully completed and the initial sample of soil was separated by vibration into finer particles with a large amount passing through the smallest diameter screen which was 0. 0278 inches producing a final product of fine soil particles which are now easier to transport and store. As can be seen from the graph below (figure 1) undersize particles verses screens, all three different vibration settings (45%, 65%, 85%) produced similar results for the screening process. At the beginning of the experiment (time zero) all of the soil sample was placed on the first screen, number 5, and after repeated screening (vibrating) the sample was broken down in more uniform sizes leaving larger pieces of soil left on the screen while smaller sizes fell through finally producing a fine powder left in the bottom pan. We will write a custom essay sample on Size Reduction and Screening or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As can be seen from the graph below, after six minutes (the fourth bullet point on graph each bullet point represents two minutes of vibrating) the soil had mostly been sorted into its final sizes. This occurred for all three different vibration settings indicating that after a certain time period, six minutes for this particular experiment, the screening process is 90% complete and may be more cost effective to stop the process as only a small percentage is then sorted into smaller sizes. It can be seen though, that after a few minutes of screening, the original soil sample was sorted into a much more manageable sample making storage and transportation much easier. With regards to retained soil over time, again all three percentage settings produced similar results. The pan weight increased over time as more soil was broken down and this was to be expected as this is the purpose of this particular procedure. Screen 5 and 12, with the larger diameter holes contained the larger, unbreakable soil samples slowly decreased in soil being retained until only the large unbreakable matter was left. All the screens, screen number 14, 16, 20 and 25 kept a rough constant weight indicating that a certain percentage could be broken down and pass through the screens while the rest had reached its optimum broken down size. The higher vibration setting, 65% and 85% had more constant weight and this was due to the sample being vibrated at a higher setting and being broken quicker and thus settling. To conclude, from this small scale experiment alone it can be seen that size reduction and screening is a very useful and effective procedure in reducing the size of a sample making transportation cheaper and easier and taking up less storage space and in a world of cutting costs, this procedure has become vital to a number of different industries